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Tamil Nadu தமிழ் நாடு |
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State | ||
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Motto: Truth alone Triumphs | ||
Anthem: "Invocation to Tamil Mother"# | ||
Location of Tamil Nadu |
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Map of Tamil Nadu |
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Coordinates: 13.09°N 80.27°ECoordinates: 13.09°N 80.27°E | ||
Country | India | |
Region | South India | |
Formation | 26 January 1950† | |
Capital | Chennai | |
Districts | 32 | |
Government | ||
• Governor | C. Vidyasagar Rao (Addl. charge) | |
• Chief Minister | J Jayalalithaa (AIADMK) | |
• Chief Secretary | Ramamohan Rao IAS | |
• Director General of Police | T K Rajendran IPS | |
• Legislature | Unicameral (234 seats) | |
Area | ||
• Total | 130,060 km2 (50,220 sq mi) | |
Area rank | 11th | |
Population (2016)[1] | ||
• Total | 77,881,463 | |
• Rank | 6th | |
• Density | 600/km2 (1,600/sq mi) | |
Demonym(s) | Tamizhar | |
Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) | |
ISO 3166 code | IN-TN | |
HDI | 0.659 (medium)[2] | |
HDI rank | 3rd (2015)[3] | |
Literacy Rate | 80.33% (2011 census)[4] | |
Official language | Tamil | |
Website | tn.gov.in | |
^† Established in 1773; Madras State was formed in 1950 and renamed as Tamil Nadu on 14 January 1969[5] ^# Jana Gana Mana is the national anthem, while "Invocation to Tamil Mother" is the state song/anthem. |
Song | "Invocation to Goddess Tamil" |
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Dance | Bharathanattiyam |
Animal | Nilgiri tahr |
Bird | Emerald dove |
Flower | Gloriosa lily |
Tree | Palm tree |
Sport | Kabaddi |
Part of a series on |
History of Tamil Nadu |
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Part of a series on |
Tamils |
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Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous. The state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2011, with the second-largest state economy.[3][7] Tamil Nadu is the second largest state economy in India with ₹4,789 billion (US$71 billion) in gross domestic product.[8] The state has the highest number (10.56 per cent) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97 per cent) in India,[9] compared with the population share of about 6 per cent. Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a "Multidimensional Development Index" in a 2013 report published by a panel headed by current RBI governor Raghuram Rajan.[10] Its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world.[11]
Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, and classical literature. Historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[12][13]
Contents
- 1 History
- 1.1 Prehistory
- 1.2 Indus valley script between 2000 and 1500 BC
- 1.3 Sangam period (300 BC – AD 300)
- 1.4 Bhakti Movement
- 1.5 Medieval period (600–1300)
- 1.6 Vijayanagar and Nayak period (1336–1646)
- 1.7 Power struggles of the 18th century (1692–1801)
- 1.8 During British rule (1801–1947)
- 1.9 India (1947–present)
- 2 Geography
- 3 Flora and fauna
- 4 National and state parks
- 5 Governance and administration
- 6 Administrative subdivisions
- 7 Municipal Corporation
- 8 Politics
- 9 Demographics
- 10 Religion
- 11 Language
- 12 Education
- 13 Culture
- 14 Economy
- 15 Infrastructure
- 16 Sports
- 17 Tourism
- 18 See also
- 19 Notes
- 20 References
- 21 External links
History
Main article: History of Tamil Nadu
Prehistory
Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula.[14] In Adichanallur, 24 km (15 mi) from Tirunelveli, archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) unearthed 169 clay urns containing human skulls, skeletons, bones, husks, grains of rice, charred rice and celts of the Neolithic period, 3,800 years ago.[15] The ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is "very rudimentary" Tamil Brahmi.[16] Adichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies.[17] About 60 per cent of the total epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu, and most of these are in the Tamil language.[18][19][20][21] [22][23][24][25][26]Indus valley script between 2000 and 1500 BC
A Neolithic stone celt (a hand-held axe) with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu. According to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, and therefore that the "Neolithic people of the Tamil country spoke a Tamil language". The date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BC and 2000 BC.[27]Sangam period (300 BC – AD 300)
Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present-day Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur (thought to be modern day Karur). The Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital, Uraiyur; and the Pandya dynasty ruled southern Tamil Nadu, from capitals at Korkai and Madurai.
All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads and gems. Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. AD 60 – 100) gives a description of the Tamil country and its ports.
Besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam (Tamil homeland) was also divided into various provinces named 'nadu', meaning 'country'. Sangam literature refers these provinces as "koduntamil mandalam" which were not exactly political or socio-cultural units but linguistic agglomerations like Kongu Nadu, Puzhinadu, Thondai Nadu, Nanjilnadu, Ay Nadu and Venadu.
Between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the three Tamil kingdoms were overwhelmed by the Kalabhras. The period of their rule is sometimes referred to as the "Dark Age" in Tamil history and little is known about it. The Kalabhras were expelled by the Pallavas, Mutharaiyar, Badami Chalukyas and Pandyas in the 6th century.
Bhakti Movement
Main article: Bhakti Movement
Medieval period (600–1300)
Chola Empire
Main article: Chola dynasty
The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval king Vijayalaya Chola. These are the earliest specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas. His son Aditya I built several temples around the Kanchi and Kumbakonam regions. The Cholas went on to becoming a great power and built some of the most imposing religious structures in their lifetime and they also renovated temples and buildings of the Pallavas, acknowledging their common socio-religious and cultural heritage. The celebrated Nataraja temple at Chidambaram and the Sri Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangam held special significance for the Cholas which have been mentioned in their inscriptions as their tutelary deities. Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola built temples such as the Brihadeshvara Temple of Thanjavur and Brihadeshvara Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the Airavatesvara Temple of Darasuram and the Sarabeswara (Shiva) Temple, also called the Kampahareswarar Temple at Thirubhuvanam, the last two temples being located near Kumbakonam. The first three of the above four temples are titled Great Living Chola Temples among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The Chola period is also remarkable for its sculptures and bronzes all over the world. Among the existing specimens in museums around the world and in the temples of southern India the fine figures of Siva in various forms, Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi, and the Siva saints are the examples of Chola fgbronze. Though conforming generally to the iconographic conventions established by long tradition, the sculptors worked with great freedom in the 11th and the 12th centuries to achieve a classic grace and grandeur. The best example of this can be seen in the form of Nataraja the Divine Dancer . This is awesome period for Chola Empire.
Vijayanagar and Nayak period (1336–1646)
Main article: Vijayanagara Empire
Power struggles of the 18th century (1692–1801)
By the early 18th century, the political scene in Tamil Nadu saw a major change-over and was under the control of many minor rulers aspiring to be independent. The fall of the Vijayanagara empire and the Chandragiri Nayakas gave the sultanate of Golconda a chance to expand into the Tamil heartland. When the sultanate was incorporated into the Mughal Empire in 1688, the northern part of current-day Tamil Nadu was administrated by the nawab of the Carnatic, who had his seat in Arcot from 1715 onward. Meanwhile, to the south, the fall of the Thanjavur Nayaks led to a short lived Thanjavur Maratha kingdom. The fall of the Madurai Nayaks brought up many small Nayakars of southern Tamil Nadu, who ruled small parcels of land called palayams. The chieftains of these Palayams were known as Palaiyakkarar (or 'polygar' as called by British) and were ruling under the nawabs of the Carnatic.In the south, Nawabs granted taxation rights to the British which led to conflicts between British and the Palaiyakkarar, which resulted in series of wars called Polygar war to establish independent states by the aspiring Palaiyakkarar. Puli Thevar was one of the earliest opponents of the British rule in South India.[42] Thevar's prominent exploits were his confrontations with Marudhanayagam, who later rebelled against the British in the late 1750s and early 1760s. Rani Velu Nachiyar, was the first woman freedom fighter of India and Queen of Sivagangai.[43] She was drawn to war after her husband Muthu Vaduganatha Thevar (1750–1772), King of Sivaganga was murdered at Kalayar Kovil temple by British. Before her death, Queen Velu Nachi granted powers to the Maruthu brothers to rule Sivaganga.[44] Kattabomman (1760–1799), Palaiyakkara chief of Panchalakurichi who fought the British in the First Polygar War.[45] He was captured by the British at the end of the war and hanged near Kayattar in 1799. Veeran Sundaralingam (1700–1800) was the General of Kattabomman Nayakan's palayam, who died in the process of blowing up a British ammunition dump in 1799 which killed more than 150 British soldiers to save Kattapomman Palace. Oomaithurai, younger brother of Kattabomman, took asylum under the Maruthu brothers, Periya Marudhu and Chinna Marudhu and raised an army[46]. They formed a coalition with Dheeran Chinnamalai and Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja which fought the British in Second Polygar Wars. Dheeran Chinnamalai (1756–1805), Polygar chieftain of Kongu and feudatory of Tipu Sultan who fought the British in the Second Polygar War. After winning the Polygar wars in 1801, the East India Company consolidated most of southern India into the Madras Presidency.
During British rule (1801–1947)
Main article: Madras Presidency
At the beginning of the 19th century, the British firmly established governance over the entire Tamil Nadu. The Vellore mutiny
on 10 July 1806 was the first instance of a large-scale and violent
mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company,
predating the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by half a century.[47] The revolt, which took place in Vellore,
was brief, lasting only one full day, but brutal as mutineers broke
into the Vellore fort and killed or wounded 200 British troops, before
they were subdued by reinforcements from nearby Arcot.[48][49]
The British crown took over the control governance from the Company and
the remainder of the 19th century did not witness any native resistance
until the beginning of 20th century Indian Independence movements.
During the period of governor George Harris
Harris (1854–1859), measures were taken to improve education and
increase representation of Indians in the administration. Legislative
powers given to the Governor's council under the Indian Councils Act
1861 and 1909 Minto-Morley Reforms eventually led to the establishment of the Madras Legislative Council. Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the Ryotwari system resulted in two severe famine in the Madras Presidency, the Great Famine of 1876–78 and the Indian famine of 1896–97. The famine led to migration of people as bonded labours for British to various countries which eventually formed the present Tamil diaspora.India (1947–present)
When India became independent in 1947, Madras presidency became Madras state, comprising present-day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh up to Ganjam district in Orissa, South Canara district Karnataka, and parts of Kerala. The state was subsequently split up along linguistic lines. In 1969, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".[50]Geography
The western, southern and the north western parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats meet at the Nilgiri hills. The Western Ghats traverse the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain bearing clouds of the south west monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains and the northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. The central and the south central regions are arid plains and receive less rainfall than the other regions.
Tamil Nadu has a coastline of about 1,076 km (669 mi) which is the country's second longest coastline. Tamil Nadu's coastline bore the brunt of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami when it hit India, which caused 7,793 direct deaths in the state. Tamil Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of the western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone; as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu falls in Zones II & III. Historically, parts of this region have experienced seismic activity in the M5.0 range.[51]
Climate
- south west monsoon from June to September, with strong southwest winds;
- North east monsoon from October to December, with dominant north east winds;
Flora and fauna
Main articles: Wildlife of Tamil Nadu and List of birds of Tamil Nadu
There are about 2000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil
Nadu. Protected areas provide safe habitat for large mammals including elephants, tigers, leopards, wild dogs, sloth bears, gaurs, lion-tailed macaques, Nilgiri langurs, Nilgiri tahrs, grizzled giant squirrels and sambar deer, resident and migratory birds such as cormorants, darters, herons, egrets, open-billed storks, spoonbills and white ibises, little grebes, Indian moorhen, black-winged stilts, a few migratory ducks and occasionally grey pelicans, marine species such as the dugongs, turtles, dolphins, Balanoglossus and a wide variety of fish and insects.Common plant species include the state tree: palmyra palm, eucalyptus, rubber, cinchona, clumping bamboos (Bambusa arundinacea), common teak, Anogeissus latifolia, Indian laurel, grewia, and blooming trees like Indian labumusum, ardisia, and solanaceae. Rare and unique plant life includes Combretum ovalifolium, ebony (Diospyros nilagrica), Habenaria rariflora (orchid), Alsophila, Impatiens elegans, Ranunculus reniformis, and royal fern.[53]
National and state parks
Main article: Protected areas of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu has a wide range of Biomes extending east from the South Western Ghats montane rain forests in the Western Ghats through the South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests and Deccan thorn scrub forests to tropical dry broadleaf forests and then to the beaches, estuaries, salt marshes, mangroves, and coral reefs of the Bay of Bengal. The state has a range of flora and fauna with many species and habitats. To protect this diversity of wildlife there are Protected areas of Tamil Nadu as well as biospheres which protect larger areas of natural habitat often include one or more National Parks. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
established in 1986 is a marine ecosystem with seaweed and sea grass
communities, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangrove forests. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve located in the Western Ghats and Nilgiri Hills comprises part of adjoining states of Kerala and Karnataka. The Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve
is in the south west of the state bordering Kerala in the Western
Ghats. Tamil Nadu is home to five declared National parks located in Anamalai, Mudumalai, Mukurithi, Gulf of Mannar and Guindy located in the centre of Chennai city. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Mukurthi National Park and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve are the tiger reserves in the state. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
has the largest elephant population in India. Besides these bio
reserves, there are many state and central run wild life sanctuaries for
tiger, elephant and birds.Governance and administration
Main articles: Government of Tamil Nadu and Tamil Nadu Legislature
Tamil Nadu had a bicameral legislature until 1986, when it was replaced with a unicameral legislature, like most other states in India. The term length of the government is five years. The present government is headed by J. Jayalalithaa of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The Tamil Nadu legislative assembly is housed at the Fort St. George in Chennai. The state had come under the President's rule on four occasions – first from 1976 to 1977, next for a short period in 1980, then from 1988 to 1989 and the latest in 1991.
Tamil Nadu has been a pioneering state of E-Governance initiatives in India. A large part of the government records like land ownership records are digitised and all major offices of the state government like Urban Local Bodies – all the corporations and municipal office activities – revenue collection, land registration offices, and transport offices have been computerised. Tamil Nadu is one of the states where law and order has been maintained largely successfully.[56] The Tamil Nadu Police Force is over 140 years old. It is the fifth largest state police force in India (as of 2015, total police force of TN is 1,11,448) and has the highest proportion of women police personnel in the country (total women police personnel of TN is 13,842 which is about 12.42%) to specifically handled violence against women in Tamil Nadu.[57][58] In 2003, the state had a total police population ratio of 1:668, higher than the national average of 1:717.
Administrative subdivisions
Main articles: Districts of Tamil Nadu and Local bodies in Tamil Nadu
[show] | District | Headquarters | Area | Population (2011) |
Population density |
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Municipal Corporation
City Municipal Corporations of Tamil Naduare the local governing bodiesof the citiesin Tamil Nadu. There are 12 such Municipal corporations in this Indianstate.Dindigul and thanjavur recently given the status of corporation.1.Chennai
2.Coimbatore
3.Madurai
4.Tiruchirappalli
5.Salem
6.Tirunelveli
7.Thoothukudi
8.Tiruppur
9.Erode
10.Vellore
11.Thanjavur
12.Dindigul
Politics
Pre-Independence
Prior to Indian independence Tamil Nadu was under British colonial rule as part of the Madras Presidency. The main party in Tamil Nadu at that time was the Indian National Congress (INC). Regional parties have dominated state politics since 1916. One of the earliest regional parties, the South Indian Welfare Association, a forerunner to Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu, was started in 1916. The party was called after its English organ, Justice Party, by it opponents. Later, South Indian Liberal Federation was adopted as its official name. The reason for victory of the Justice Party in elections was the non-participation of the INC, demanding complete independence of India.The Justice Party which was under E.V.Ramaswamy was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944. It was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences between its two leaders EVR and C.N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK decided to enter politics in 1956.
Post-Independence
Political Alliance |
Assembly (2016) |
Lok Sabha (2014) |
---|---|---|
AIADMK+ | 134 | 37 |
DMK+ | 98 | 0 |
Independent/Other | 0 | 2 |
Source: Election Commission of India.[65][66] |
Demographics
Historical population | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Pop. | ±% |
1951 | 30,119,000 | — |
1961 | 33,687,000 | +11.8% |
1971 | 41,199,000 | +22.3% |
1981 | 48,408,000 | +17.5% |
1991 | 55,859,000 | +15.4% |
2001 | 62,406,000 | +11.7% |
2011 | 72,138,958 | +15.6% |
Source:Census of India[67] |
Main article: Demographics of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is the seventh most populous state in India. 48.4 per cent
of the state's population live in urban areas, the highest among large
states in India. The state has registered the lowest fertility rate in India in year 2005–06 with 1.7 children born for each woman, lower than required for population sustainability.[68][69]At the 2011 India census, Tamil Nadu had a population of 72,147,030.[70] The sex ratio of the state is 995 with 36,137,975 males and 36,009,055 females. There are a total of 23,166,721 households.[70] The total children under the age of 6 is 7,423,832. A total of 14,438,445 people constituting 20.01 per cent of the total population belonged to Scheduled Castes (SC) and 794,697 people constituting 1.10 per cent of the population belonged to Scheduled tribes (ST).[71][70]
The state has 51,837,507 literates, making the literacy rate 80.33 per cent. There are a total of 27,878,282 workers, comprising 4,738,819 cultivators, 6,062,786 agricultural labourers, 1,261,059 in house hold industries, 11,695,119 other workers, 4,120,499 marginal workers, 377,220 marginal cultivators, 2,574,844 marginal agricultural labourers, 238,702 marginal workers in household industries and 929,733 other marginal workers.[72]
Among the cities in 2011, the state capital, Chennai, was the most populous city in the state, followed by Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy and Tiruppur respectively.[73] India has a human development index calculated as 0.619, while the corresponding figure for Tamil Nadu is 0.736, placing it among the top states in the country.[74][75] The life expectancy at birth for males is 65.2 years and for females it is 67.6 years.[76] However, it has a high level of poverty especially in the rural areas. In 2004–2005, the poverty line was set at ₹ 351.86/month for rural areas and ₹ 547.42/month for urban areas. Poverty in the state dropped from 51.7 per cent in 1983 to 21.1 per cent in 2001[77] For the period 2004–2005, the Trend in Incidence of Poverty in the state was 22.5 per cent compared with the national figure of 27.5 per cent. The World Bank is currently assisting the state in reducing poverty, High drop-out and low completion of secondary schools continue to hinder the quality of training in the population. Other problems include class, gender, inter-district and urban-rural disparities. Based on URP – Consumption for the period 2004–2005, percentage of the state's population Below Poverty Line was 27.5 per cent. The Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative ranks Tamil Nadu to have a Multidimensional Poverty Index of 0.141, which is in the level of Ghana among the developing countries.[78] Corruption is a major problem in the state with Transparency International ranking it the second most corrupt among the states of India.[79]
Religion
The state is home to the core schools of medieval and modern Hinduism as well as several non-mainstream Hindu movements. These include Nayanmars Saivism, Saiva Siddhanta, Alvar Vaishnavism, Sri Vaishnavism and Ayya-Vazhi. In modern times, well known figures for Hinduism in the state include Ramana Maharishi and the Kanchi Sankaracharya. All Hindu deities in various forms and a large number of village deities are worshiped by Hindus in Tamil Nadu. Murugan is considered to be the God of Tamil people. Tamil Nadu dominates the list of largest Hindu Temples in the world which include the Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple, Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple, Ekambareswarar Temple at Kanchipuram, Chidambaram Nataraja Temple, Tiruvannamalai Arunachaleswar Temple, Brihadeeswarar Temple at Tanjore among others. The emblem of Government of Tamil Nadu depicts the Gopuram (gateway tower) of the Andal Temple at Srivilliputhur.
Muslims constitute close to 6% of the population of the state and are mainly concentrated in Ramanathapuram, Thanjavur, Nagappattinam, Vellore, Thoothukudi, Madurai and Tirunelveli districts. Among Muslims, 97.5 per cent are Sunni and the rest are Shias. The Sunnis adhere to either Hanafi or Shafi schools of thought. Erwadi in Ramanathapuram district and Nagore in Nagapattinam district are important pilgrimage sites for Muslims. Kazimar Big Mosque in Madurai and Karpudaiyar masjid in Kayalpatnam are among the earlier mosques in Tamil Nadu.
Samanars or Tamil Jains have a legacy dating back to 250 BC. They made significant contributions to Tamil literature. According to the 2001 census there were 83,359 Jains in Tamil Nadu. Jains make up 0.13 per cent of the population. Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes comprise 19 per cent and 1 per cent of the population respectively. An anti-conversion law came into force in 2002 which law was repealed later in June 2004.
Language
Main article: Tamil language
Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu. English is also in common usage as an official language of India. When India adopted national standards, Tamil was the first language to be recognised as a classical language of India.[82] As of 2001 census, Tamil is spoken as the first language by 88.43 per cent of the population followed by Telugu by 8.65 per cent, Kannada by 2.68 per cent, Urdu by 1.51 per cent, Malayalam by 0.89 per cent and Marathi by 0.1 per cent.[68][83]Education
Main article: Education in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India.[84] Tamil Nadu has performed reasonably well in terms of literacy growth
during the decade 2001–2011. A survey conducted by the Industry body
Assocham ranks Tamil Nadu top among Indian states with about 100 per
cent Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in primary and upper primary education.
One of the basic limitations for improvement in education in the state
is the rate of absence of teachers in public schools, which at 21.4 per
cent is significant.[85] The analysis of primary school education in the state by Pratham shows a low drop-off rate but poor quality of state education compared to other states.[86] Tamil Nadu has 37 universities, 552 engineering colleges, List of engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu[87] 449 Polytechnic Colleges[88]
and 566 arts and science colleges, 34335 elementary schools, 5167 high
schools, 5054 higher secondary schools and 5000 hospitals. Some of the
notable educational institutes present in Tamil Nadu are Indian Institute of Technology Madras, College of Engineering, Guindy, Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli, Indian Maritime University, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Chennai, Madras Medical College, Loyola College, Chennai, Ethiraj College for Women, Stella Maris College, Chennai and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.Tamil Nadu now has 69 per cent reservation in educational institutions for socially backward section of the society, the highest among all Indian states.[89] The Midday Meal Scheme programme in Tamil Nadu was first initiated by Kamaraj, then it was expanded by M G Ramachandran in 1983.
Culture
Literature
Tamil written literature has existed for over 2000 years.[95] The earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from ca. 300 BC – AD 300.[96][97] It is the oldest Indian literature amongst all others.[98] The earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BC.[99][100]Most early Tamil literary works are in verse form, with prose not becoming more common until later periods. The Sangam literature collection contains 2381 poems composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.[101] Sangam literature is primarily secular, dealing with everyday themes in a Tamilakam context.[102] The Sangam literature also deals with human relationship and emotions.[103] The available literature from this period was categorised and compiled in the 10th century into two categories based roughly on chronology. The categories are: Pathinenmaelkanakku (The Major Eighteen Anthology Series) comprising Eṭṭuttokai (The Eight Anthologies) and the Pattupattu (Ten Idylls) and Pathinenkilkanakku (The Minor Eighteen Anthology Series).
Much of Tamil grammar is extensively described in the oldest known grammar book for Tamil, the Tolkāppiyam. Modern Tamil writing is largely based on the 1000 B.C grammar Naṉṉūl which restated and clarified the rules of the Tolkāppiyam, with some modifications. Traditional Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely eḻuttu, sol, poruḷ, yāppu, aṇi. Of these, the last two are mostly applied in poetry.[104] Notable example of Tamil poetry include the Tirukkural written by Tiruvalluvar before 2000 years.
In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named 'Thambiraan Vanakkam', thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.[105] Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of Madras, is the first among the dictionaries published in any Indian language.[106] During the Indian freedom struggle, many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, social equity and secularist thoughts among the common man, notably Subramanya Bharathy and Bharathidasan.
Festivals and traditions
Music
See also: Ancient Tamil music and Carnatic music
In terms of modern cine-music, Ilaiyaraaja was a prominent composer of film music in Tamil cinema during the late 1970s and 1980s. His work highlighted Tamil folk lyricism and introduced broader western musical sensibilities to the south Indian musical mainstream. Tamil Nadu is also the home of the double Oscar Winner A.R. Rahman[113][114][115] who has composed film music in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi films, English and Chinese films, was once referred to by Time magazine as "The Mozart of Madras". Now, Tamil Nadu is listening Rap music.
Arts and dance
The most celebrated of these dances is the karakattam. In its religious form, the dance is performed in front of an image of the goddess Mariamman. The dancer bears on his or her head a brass pot filled with uncooked rice, decorated with flowers and surrounded by a bamboo frame, and tumbles and leaps to the rhythm of a song without spilling a grain. Karakattam is usually performed to a special type of song known as temmanguppāṭṭu a folk song in the mode of a lover speaking to his beloved, to the accompaniment of a nadaswaram and melam.
Other Tamil folk dances include mayilāṭṭam, where the dancers tie a string of peacock feathers around their waist; ōyilāttam, danced in a circle while waving small pieces of cloth of various colours; poikkal kuthiraiyaaṭṭam, where the dancers use dummy horses; manattam, where the dancers imitate the graceful leaping of deer; paraiyāṭṭam, a dance to the sound of rhythmical drumbeats, and thīppandāṭṭam, a dance involving playing with burning wooden torches.
Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu. Prior to the colonial period, it used to be performed in Hindu temples by Devadasis. In this form, it as also been called sadir or chinna melam. Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharata Natyam dance postures. Bharatanatyam is a traditional dance-form known for its grace, purity, tenderness, and sculpturesque poses. It continues to be a popular dance style at present times and is practised by male and female dancers all over India. Terukkuttu or Kattaikkuttu is a traditional form of Tamil street theatre folk dance/drama.
Film industry
Main article: Tamil cinema
Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry also known as
"Kollywood", which released the most number of films in India in 2013.[116] The term Kollywood is a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood.[117] Tamil cinema is one of the largest centres of film production in India.[118] In Tamil Nadu, cinema ticket prices are regulated by the government. Single screen theatres may charge a maximum of ₹50, while theaters with more than three screens may charge a maximum of ₹120 per ticket.[119] The first silent film in Tamil Keechaka Vadham, was made in 1916.[120] The first talkie was a multi-lingual film, Kalidas, which released on 31 October 1931, barely 7 months after India's first talking picture Alam Ara.[121] Swamikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore,
introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a
stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films.
The first of its kind was established in Madras,
called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone". This was due to the fact that
electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors.[122]Television industry
There are more than 30 television channels of various genre in Tamil. DD Podhigai, Doordarshan's Tamil language regional channel was launched on 14 April 1993.[123] The first private Tamil channel, Sun TV was founded in 1993 by Kalanidhi Maran. In Tamil Nadu, the television industry is influenced by politics and majority of the channels are owned by politicians or people with political links.[124] The government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to families in 2006 at an estimated cost ₹3.6 billion (US$53 million) of which has led to high penetration of TV services.[125][126] Cable used to be the preferred mode of reaching homes controlled by government run operator Arasu Cable.[127] From the early 2010s, Direct to Home has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.[128] Tamil television serials form a major prime time source of entertainment and are directed usually by one director unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together.[129]Cuisine
Main article: Tamil cuisine
Tamil cuisine is typical of south Indian cuisine, in that rice and rice-derived dishes form the major portion of a diet (see rice and curry). There are regional sub-varieties namely Chettinadu, Kongunadu, Nanjilnadu, Madurai, Tirunelveli varieties etc. Traditionally, food is served on a banana leaf instead of a plate
and eaten with the right hand. The world-famous idly-dosai-sambar-vadai
is a symbol and as well as an identity for the modern day Tamil
cuisine.Rice is the staple food of Tamils and is typically eaten mixed with sambhar (with or without ghee), vegetarian or non-vegetarian kulambu, rasam, curd and buttermilk. This is accompanied with various vegetarian and/or non-vegetarian dishes like kootu, aviyal, poriyal, thuvayal, chutni, karaisal, kothsu, avial, varuval, peratal, appalam, vadakam, vatral, varieties of pickles, uppukandam, urukaai and chicken, mutton, or fish fry.
Breakfast and snack items include idly, dosai, adai, vadai, pongal, aappam, paniyaram, puttu, uppuma, santhakai, idiyappam and uthappam. These items are eaten along with sambar, varieties of chatni or podi (spice powder). Traditionally prepared filter coffee is unique in taste and popular all over the state. The Chettinad region is famous for its spicy non-vegetarian cuisine, while Ambur and Dindigul are known for their Biriyani. Sweet items that are native to Tamil Nadu are athirasam, Chakkarai Pongal and Kuli Paniyaram. Salem is renowned for its unique mangoes, Madurai is the place of origin of milk dessert Jigarthanda while Palani is known for its Panchamirtham.[130]
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Tamil Nadu, List of conglomerates in Tamil Nadu, and List of rivers of Tamil Nadu
Year | GSDP | Growth Rate | Share in India |
---|---|---|---|
2000–01 | 142,065 | 5.87% | 7.62% |
2001–02 | 139,842 | −1.56% | 7.09% |
2002–03 | 142,295 | 1.75% | 6.95% |
2003–04 | 150,815 | 5.99% | 6.79% |
2004–05 | 219,003 | 11.45% | 7.37% |
2005–06 | 249,567 | 13.96% | 7.67% |
2006–07 | 287,530 | 15.21% | 8.07% |
2007–08 | 305,157 | 6.13% | 7.83% |
2008–09 | 321,793 | 5.45% | 7.74% |
2009–10 | 356,632 | 10.83% | 7.89% |
2010–11 | 403,416 | 13.12% | 8.20% |
2011–12 | 433,238 | 7.39% | 8.26% |
2012–13 | 447,944 | 3.39% | 8.17% |
2013–14 | 480,618 | 7.29% | 8.37% |
Tamil Nadu has six Nationalised Home Banks which originated in this state; Two government-sector banks Indian Bank and Indian Overseas Bank in Chennai, and Four private-sector banks City Union Bank in Kumbakonam, Karur Vysya Bank, Lakshmi Vilas Bank in Karur, and Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited in Tuticorin.
Agriculture
Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state and is a leading producer of agricultural products in India. In 2008, Tamil Nadu was India's fifth biggest producer of rice. The total cultivated area in the State was 5.60 million hectares in 2009–10.[136] The Cauvery delta region is known as the Rice Bowl of Tamil Nadu.[137] In terms of production, Tamil Nadu accounts for 10 per cent in fruits and 6 per cent in vegetables, in India.[138] Annual food grains production in the year 2007–08 was 10035,000 mt.[136] Mango and banana are the leading fruit crops in Tamil Nadu accounting for over 87 per cent of the total fruit production. The main vegetables grown are tapioca, tomato, onion, brinjal (eggplant), and drumstick. Tamil Nadu is also a leading state in the production of flowers with the total production of horticultural crops standing at ₹ 9947,000 during 2003–04. The main flowers grown in Tamil Nadu are jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold and rose.Textiles and leather
The state accounts for 70 per cent of leather tanning capacity in India and 38 per cent of leather footwear and components. The exports from Tamil Nadu are valued at about US$762 million, which accounts for 42 per cent of Indian leather exports. Hundreds of leather and tannery industries are located around Dindigul Erode and Vellore, its nearby towns such as Ranipet, Melvisharam, Pernambut, Ambur, Vaniyambadi and Perundurai.
Automobiles
Tamil Nadu has seen major investments in the automobile industry over many decades manufacturing cars, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, motorcycles, automobile spare parts and accessories, tyres and heavy vehicles. Chennai is known as the Detroit of India.[150] Major global automobile companies including BMW, Ford, Robert Bosch, Renault-Nissan, Caterpillar, Hyundai, Mitsubishi Motors, and Michelin as well as Indian automobile majors like Mahindra & Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Hindustan Motors, TVS Motors, Irizar-TVS, Royal Enfield, MRF, Apollo Tyres, TAFE Tractors, DaimlerChrysler AG Company also invested (₹) 4 billion for establishing new plant in Tamil Nadu.[151] Karur is a hub for Bus body building industries. The giants like Ashok Leyland, TVS, LMW, MRF and ELGI are headquartered in Tamil Nadu. Hosur is also an important automobile manufacturing region where TVS Motors and Ashok Leyland have setup their Manufacturing plantsHeavy industries and engineering
Tamil Nadu is one of the highly industrialised states in India. Over 11% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Tamil Nadu. Many heavy engineering and manufacturing companies are located in and around the suburbs of Chennai. Bharat Heavy Electricals, one of India's largest electrical equipment manufacturing companies, has manufacturing plants at Tiruchirapalli and Ranipet. India's leading steel producer, the state-owned Steel Authority of India has a steel plant in Salem. Sterlite Industries has a copper smelter at Tuticorin and an aluminium plant in Mettur. The Chennai Petroleum Corporation is a state-owned oil and gas corporation headquartered in Chennai, and owns refineries at Manali and Panangudi. The state government owns the Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers,[152] in Karur. Jointly with the Tata Group, the state owns the world's sixth largest manufacturer of watches, under the brand name of Titan, at Hosur. A number of large cement manufacturers, including the Chettinad Group, Ramco Cements, Tancem, the Dalmia Group, UltraTech Cements and ACC are present across the state.Coimbatore is also referred to as "the Pump City" as it supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps. The city is one of the largest exporters of wet grinders and auto components and the term "Coimbatore Wet Grinder" has been given a Geographical indication.[153]
Electronics and software
Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu, with many international companies like Nokia, Flextronics, Motorola, Sony-Ericsson, Foxconn, Samsung, Cisco, Moser Baer, Lenovo, Samsung, Dell, Sanmina-SCI, Texas Instruments having chosen Chennai as their south Asian manufacturing hub. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets.[154]Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter by value in India. Software exports from Tamil Nadu grew from ₹ 76 billion ($1.6 billion) in 2003–04 to ₹ 207 billion {$5 billion} by 2006–07 according to NASSCOM[155] and to ₹ 366 billion in 2008–09 which shows 29 per cent growth in software exports according to STPI. Major national and global IT Companies such as Syntel, Infosys, Wipro, HCL, Tata Consultancy Services, Verizon, Hewlett-Packard, Amazon.com, eBay, PayPal, IBM, Accenture, Ramco Systems, Computer Sciences Corporation, Cognizant Technology solutions, Tech Mahindra, Polaris, Aricent, MphasiS, Mindtree, Hexaware Technologies and many others have offices in Tamil Nadu. The top engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu have been a major recruiting hub for the IT firms. According to estimates, about 50 per cent of the HR required for the IT and ITES industry was being sourced from the State.[156] Coimbatore is the second largest software producer in the state, next to Chennai, followed by Madurai[157]
Others
Namakkal is also one of the major centres of egg production in India. Coimbatore is one of the major centres of jewellery and poultry.[158][159] Karur is a major centre for Nylon nets (HDPE) filaments. Sivakasi is a major centre of fireworks and safety match production and offset printing in India with over 60 per cent of firework production in India. Kanyakumari is famous for rubber production. Armoured Vehicles and Ammunition Depot of India (AVADI) which manufactures armoured vehicles for Indian military is located about 23 km northwest of Chennai. Integral Coach Factory in Perambur is the largest producer of railway coaches in Asia.Infrastructure
Transport
Road
Main articles: Transport in Tamil Nadu and Road network in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu has a transportation system that connects all parts of the
state. Tamil Nadu is served by an extensive road network, providing
links between urban centres, agricultural market-places and rural areas.
There are 29 national highways in the state, covering a total distance
of 5,006.14 km (3,110.67 mi).[160][161] The state is also a terminus for the Golden Quadrilateral project, that connects four major metropolitan cities in India (Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata).
The state has a total road length of 167,000 km (104,000 mi), of which
60,628 km (37,672 mi) are maintained by Highways Department. This is
nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of all-India road network.[162] The major road junctions are Chennai, Vellore,
Madurai, Trichy, Coimbatore, Salem, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Karur,
Krishnagiri, Dindigul, Kanniyakumari. Road transport is provided by
state owned Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation and State Express Transport Corporation.
Almost every part of state is well connected by buses 24 hours a day.
The State accounted for 13.6 per cent of all accidents in the country
With 66,238 accidents in 2013, 11.3 per cent of all road accident deaths
and 15 per cent of all road-related injuries, according to data
provided by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Although Tamil
Nadu accounts for the highest number of road accidents in India, it also
leads in having reduced the number of fatalities in accident-prone
areas with deployment of personnel and a sustained awareness campaign.
The number of deaths at areas decreased from 1,053 in 2011 to 881 in
2012 and 867 in 2013.[163]Rail
Airports
Tamil Nadu has four international airports namely Chennai International Airport, Coimbatore International Airport, Tiruchirapalli International Airport and Madurai International Airport. Salem Airport and Tuticorin Airport are domestic airports. Chennai International Airport is a major international airport and aviation hub in South Asia. Besides civilian airports, the state has four air bases of the Indian Air Force namely Thanjavur AFS, Tambram AFS, Coimbatore AFS and Madurai AFS and two naval air stations INS Rajali and INS Parundu of Indian Navy.Seaport
Tamil Nadu has three major seaports located at Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin, as well as seven other minor ports including Cuddalore and Nagapattinam.[136] Chennai Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast and is the second principal port in the country for handling containers. Ennore Port handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu. The volume of cargo in the ports grew by 13 per cent during 2005.[164]Energy
Sports
Main article: Sports in Tamil Nadu
Kabbadi, a team contact sport originated in Tamil Nadu and is recognised as the state game.[171] The traditional sport of Tamil Nadu include Silambam,[172] a Tamil martial arts played with a long bamboo staff, Cockfight, Jallikattu,[173] a bull taming sport famous on festival occasions, ox-wagon racing known as Rekkala,[174][172] Kite flying also known as Pattam viduthal,[173] Goli, the game with marbles,[173] Aadu Puli, the "goat and tiger" game[173] and Kabaddi also known as Sadugudu.[173] Most of these traditional sports are associated with festivals of land like Thai Pongal and mostly played in rural areas.[173] In urban areas of Tamil Nadu, modern sports like bat and ball games are played.[173]Tennis is also a popular sport in Tamil Nadu with notable international players including Ramesh Krishnan,[182] Ramanathan Krishnan,[182] Vijay Amritraj[183] and Mahesh Bhupathi. Nirupama Vaidyanathan, the first Indian women to play in a grandslam tournament also hails from the state. The ATP Chennai Open tournament is held in Chennai every January. The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT) owns Nungambakkam tennis stadium which hosts Chennai Open and Davis Cup play-off tournaments.
Five time World Chess champion Viswanathan Anand hails from Tamil Nadu. The state boasts a total of eight Grand Masters and numerous International Masters. Other notable chess players from the state include Manuel Aaron, the first Indian International Master,G.Akash, the youngest Indian to win a national tournament, Krishnan Sasikiran, Grandmaster, S. Vijayalakshmi, Six time Women's national champion of India and the First Women Grandmaster from India, Aarthie Ramaswamy, Women Grandmaster and former under-18 girls' World Chess champion. Maria Irudayam, the former World Carrom Champion and Ilavazhagi, the defending Women's World Carrom Champion are from Tamil Nadu.
The Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the governing body of Hockey in the state. Vasudevan Baskaran was the captain of the Indian team that won gold medal in 1980 Olympics at Moscow. The Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium in Chennai hosts international hockey events and is regarded by the International Hockey Federation as one of the best in the world for its infrastructure.[184]
The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT), a government body, is vested with the responsibility of developing sports and related infrastructure in the state.[185] The SDAT owns and operates world class stadiums and organises sporting events.[186] It also accommodates sporting events, both at domestic and international level, organised by other sports associations at its venues. The YMCA College of Physical Education at Nandanam in Chennai was established in 1920 and was the first college for physical education in Asia. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Chennai is a multi-purpose stadium hosting football and track & field events. The Indian Triathlon Federation and the Volleyball Federation of India are headquartered in Chennai. Chennai hosted India's first ever International Beach Volleyball Championship in 2008. The SDAT – TNSRA Squash Academy in Chennai is one of the very few academies in south Asia hosting international squash events.
Snooker was invented by General Sir Frederick Roberts at the Ooty Club in Ooty, a hill station in the state. Tamil Nadu has six 18-hole golf courses, the most popular of which are Kodaikanal Golf Club, established in 1895, Ooty Golf Course, established in 1896, and Gymkhana Club, Chennai. The Madras Boat Club, set up in 1867, hosts regular rowing races on the Adyar River. The Guindy race course in Chennai, set up in 1777, is the oldest horse racing venue in India. Adventure sports have gained popularity, especially amongst the tourists visiting the state.
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Tamil Nadu
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam, Tiruchirappalli is the largest functioning temple in the world, Rameshwaram whose temple walk-ways corridors are the longest 1.2 km (0.75 mi) of all Indian temples, Chidambaram, Thiruvannaamalai, Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple, Kanchipuram and Six Abodes of Murugan are amongst the important pilgrimage sites for Hindus. Other popular temples in Tamil Nadu include those in Tiruvarur, Kumbakonam, Tirunelveli, Sankarankovil, Srivilliputhur, Tiruttani, Namakkal, Vellore, Karur, Bhavani, Pariyur, Bannari, Chennai, Coimbatore and Kanniyakumari.
Tamil Nadu is also home to hill stations like Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Kodaikanal, Yercaud, Coonoor, Topslip, Valparai, Megamalai and Yelagiri. The Nilgiri hills, Palani hills, Shevaroy hills, Megamalai hills, Kolli Hills, Cumbum valley and Cardamom hills are all abodes of thick forests and wildlife. Tamil Nadu has many national parks, biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, elephant and bird sanctuaries, reserved forests, zoos and crocodile farms. Prominent among them are Mudumalai National Park, The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary and Arignar Anna Zoological Park.[191] The mangrove forests at Pichavaram are also eco-tourism spots of importance. The prominent waterfalls in the state are Courtallam, Hogenakkal, Suruli, kumbakarai, kurangani, Papanasam, Manimuthar, Thirparappu, Pykara and Silver Cascade. The Chettinad region of the state is renowned for its palatial houses and cuisine. With cheap and quality tertiary medical care available in Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore and Vellore, Tamil Nadu has the largest numbers in medical tourism in India. Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of peninsular India, is famous for its beautiful sunrise, Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Thiruvalluvar's statue built off the coastline. Marina Beach in Chennai is one of the longest beaches in the world. The stretch of beaches from Chennai to Mahabalipuram are home to many resorts, theme parks and eateries.
-
-
The Corridor of 1000 pillars inside Rameswaram Temple
-
The Dolphin's Nose at Kodaikanal
-
-
Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval
-
See also
Notes
- "Arignar Anna Zoological Park | Vandalur Zoo". Aazoopark.in. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
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External links
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- Tamil Nadu Government Website
- Department of Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu
- TN Government Guideline value
- Tamil Nadu at DMOZ
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